Critics might say that smart phones in the classroom cause too many distractions. a 2009 article in education magazine made just such a claim. although cell phones can certainly cause distractions, current research suggests that teachers and students are putting phones to better use. a 2013 educator insider poll reveals that 67% of high school instructors now encourage students to use phones in the classroom setting. students without phones are actually at a disadvantage in the classroom. the poll lists internet access, spell checks, and collaboration as three key uses of smart phones in an educational setting. what is the counterclaim the author introduces to the argument?

The authors of the paper "fudging the numbers: distributing chocolate influences student evaluations of an undergraduate course"† carried out a study to see if events unrelated to an undergraduate course could affect student evaluations. students enrolled in statistics courses taught by the same instructor participated in the study. all students attended the same lectures and one of six discussion sections that met once a week. at the end of the course, the researchers chose three of the discussion sections to be the "chocolate group." students in these three sections were offered chocolate prior to having them fill out course evaluations. students in the other three sections were not offered chocolate. the researchers concluded that "overall, students offered chocolate gave more positive evaluations than students not offered chocolate." indicate whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. give a brief explanation for your choice.