Are a category of legal defenses in which a defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal law.

I believe the answer is: Excuses.
The excuses initially derived from personal recollection of the person who are accused. But, the legal teams in both sides could present arguments and proofs that would strengthen or weaken the excuses of the accused, which would influence the decision of the juries.

Hamlet's fourth soliloquy is probably his most famous one - "to be or not to be."it is rather different from his previous soliloquies because now he is contemplating something that didn't come up before - suicide. he is thinking whether it is worth it to fight to find his father's murderer when in the end all of them are going to die, so why not die sooner than later. he is contemplating if he should go on fighting or just kill himself and end it all, which is why this soliloquy in particular is rather depressing, hesitant, and gives a deeper insight into hamlet's madness.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.