Nstitutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that some people hold rigid and unfair attitudes. bias was more pronounced in this nation's history. bias is built into the operation of social institutions. many people still hold prejudiced opinions.

bias is built into the operation of social institutions.                                                              

Explanation:                  

Institutional prejudice: The term "institutional prejudice" is described as an indirect and unfair treatment or methods of people that are being involved in any of the policies, operating procedures, objectives or laws of the organizations.

Institutional discrimination: The term "institutional discrimination" is described as the "negative & biased treatment" towards a 'minority group' that is being built into any of the society's institutions.

answer; negative punishment;

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)