The essence of learning is in understanding associations, such as between the sound of water and being able to quench one's thirst. In ___, an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been repeatedly paired with another stimulus that automatically produces that response. In other words, you learn that one stimulus ___ another stimulus.

Explanation:

This question lacks options, options are:

a) classical conditioning; predicts  

b) operant conditioning; causes  

c) classical conditioning; causes  

d) operant conditioning; predicts

The correct answer is a) classical conditioning; predicts  

The essence of learning is in understanding associations, such as between the sound of water and being able to quench one's thirst. In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been repeatedly paired with another stimulus that automatically produces that response. In other words, you learn that one stimulus predicts  another stimulus.

Explanation:

Classical conditioning is a learning process by which a person learns to respond to a stimulus that previously did not respond by association with another stimulus that produced that response, that is, in classical conditioning, the learning process occurs through association of an initial stimulus that elicits in the body a regular and measurable (predictable) response, with a neutral, non-responsive event prior to conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming an association between two stimuli that results in a learned response.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

abraham lincoln issued the preliminary emancipation proclamation on september 22nd, 1862. it stipulated that if the southern states did not cease their rebellion by january 1st, 1863, then proclamation would go into effect.