Using the demand and supply of loanable funds, demonstrate the effect of the following on the interest rate. as a result, what would you expect to be the impact of the change on growth?
a. government increases spending without increasing taxes.

The interest rate increases.

Explanation:

When the government increases spending, without increasing taxes, it has to borrow from the loanable funds market. This increases the demand for loanable funds.  

As a result, the demand curve moves to the right. This rightward shift in the demand curve will cause the interest rate to increase.  

So an increase in government spending will cause interest rates to increase.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.