Which optical device can spread light apart through refraction

The mass of the sun is 1.99×1030kg and its distance to the earth is 1.50×1011m. what is the gravitational force of the sun on the earth?

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.

Consider the phase change taking place in the picture. you could use all but one statement to describe what is happening here. that is: a) temperature is increasing. b) kinetic energy is increasing. c) the space between the particles remains the same. d) the attractive force between the particles is decreasing.