wien's displacement constant: planck's radiation law tells us that the intensity of radiation per unit area and per unit wavelength λ from a black body at temperature t is where h is planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and kb is boltzmann's con- stant. (i) show by differentiating that the wavelength λ at which the emitted radiation is strongest is the solution of the equation 5e make the substitution x = hc/1kbt and hence show that the wavelength of maximum radiation obeys the wien displacement law where the so-called wien displacement constant is b = hc/kr, and x is the solution to the nonlinear equation (ii) write a program to solve this equation to an accuracy of 10-6 using a method of your choice, and hence find a value for the displacement constant. [10] (iii) the displacement law is the basis for the method of optical pyrometry, a method for measuring the temperatures of objects by observing the color of the thermal radiation they emit. the method is commonly used to estimate the surface temperatures of astronomical bodies, such as the sun. the wavelength peak in the sun's emitted radiation falls at λ = 502 nm. from the equations above and your value of the displacement constant, estimate the surface temperature of the sun.

relativism, roughly put, is the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them. more precisely, “relativism” covers views which maintain that—at a high level of abstraction—at least some class of things have the properties they have (e.g., beautiful, morally good, epistemically justified) not simpliciter, but only relative to a given framework of assessment (e.g., local cultural norms, individual standards), and correspondingly, that the truth of claims attributing these properties holds only once the relevant framework of assessment is specified or supplied. relativists characteristically insist, furthermore, that if something is only relatively so, then there can be no framework-independent vantage point from which the matter of whether the thing in question is so can be established.

relativism has been, in its various guises, both one of the most popular and most reviled philosophical doctrines of our time. defenders see it as a harbinger of tolerance and the only ethical and epistemic stance worthy of the open-minded and tolerant. detractors dismiss it for its alleged incoherence and uncritical intellectual permissiveness. debates about relativism permeate the whole spectrum of philosophical sub-disciplines. from ethics to epistemology, science to religion, political theory to ontology, theories of meaning and even logic, philosophy has felt the need to respond to this heady and seemingly subversive idea. discussions of relativism often also invoke considerations relevant to the very nature and methodology of philosophy and to the division between the so-called “analytic and continental” camps in philosophy. and yet, despite a long history of debate going back to plato and an increasingly large body of writing, it is still difficult to come to an agreed definition of what, at its core, relativism is, and what philosophical import it has. this entry attempts to provide a broad account of the many ways in which “relativism” has been defined, explained, defended and criticized.

explanation:

answer: (431,2)

step-by-step explanation: