Muhammad's farewell sermon included the following: "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiori over an Arab; also a white has no superiority
over black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action. Learn that every Muslim
is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood." What common misconceptions
about Islam does this excerpt challenge?

Explanation:

This passage breaks down the prejudice that Muslims don't like those who are not Muslim and think that they are the greatest religion. It also breaks down the animosity that Islam teaches inequality and discrimination.

This prejudice and misconception are rather present today, but we can see it is not valid at all.

Islam is not the religion of hate nor the one that thinks of itself as better than others. It sees all people as equal, it does not pose any ideas of racism or superiority. Islam preaches people are equal and that they should be united. In Islam, it's only good actions and thoughts that can separate people.

the process is called revolution because it was a process of great economic-social transformations that began in england in the xviii century.

the industrial mode of production spread throughout much of the northern hemisphere throughout the xix and early xx centuries.

the effect of this revolution was the distance between the countries, with respect to economic and political power.   after all, not all industrialized at the same time, remaining in the condition of suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to the industrialized countries.

these differences mark to this day the nations of the world that are divided between developed and developing countries. one way to measure whether a country is advanced is to assess how industrialized it is.