Which when measuring the volume of a liquid in a graduating cylinder, you at the top of the meniscus the average between the volume at the top of and the bottom of the meniscus from the bottom of the meniscus from the exact top of the liquid

Option C, from the bottom of the meniscus

Explanation:

The meniscus in a graduated cylinder represents the volume of the liquid being measured

The prime aim is to take the reading at the center of the meniscus whether it takes concave shape or convex shape

In case of water, the reading is taken from the bottom of the meniscus and in case of mercury the reading is taken from the top of the meniscus.

However, except mercury in most of the cases the reading is taken from the bottom of the meniscus. Hence, option C is correct

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure