What were the causes and results of the thirty years war

The Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, was a large-scale conflict that involved most European powers. The main causes were the tensions between Catholic and Reformed states, but geo-strategic motives also played an important role.

The war raged mainly in the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Netherlands, northern Spain and northern Italy with battles also in Africa and the American continent. There were also sea battles on the Mediterranean Sea and in the Bay of Biscay. Due to the strong geographical spread of the large-scale hostilities, it can be said that this war was the first global conflict or world war.

The conflict began when the Catholic states of Spain and Austria conquered the reformed states in the north of the Holy Roman Empire (Bohemia, the Palatinate, northern Germany and Denmark). Sweden and France actively intervened in to weaken Spain and Austria. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war.

As a direct result of the peace in Westphalia, Germany was divided into dispersed duchies, which, however, nominally belonged to the empire until its dissolution in 1806.

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1) checks and balances- this idea is implemented in the constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government gains too much power. for example, the legislative branch(congress) can approve a bill that will then be sent to the executive branch (president). if the president does not like the bill or thinks that it violates the rights of citizens, he/she can veto the bill. vetoing the bill stops the bill from becoming a law. this check on power ensures that congress makes laws that do not violate the rights of citizens.

2) anti-federalists do not want to ratify the constitution unless it includes a bill of rights. the anti-federalists are worried that the constitution gives too much power to the federal government. having a strong central government caused problems when the us was still part of great britain. this is why the anti-federalists are fearful of this type of system.

3) federalists want a new constitution passed because it will fix america's weak political structure. before the us constitution is implemented, the constitution being used is known as the articles of confederation. this constitution has an extremely weak central government, allowing for disunity among the states.

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