[t]he colonies, had all along neglected to cultivate a proper understanding with the indians, and from a mistaken notion, have greatly dispised them, without considering, that it is in their power at pleasure to lay waste and destroy the frontiers. . without any exageration, i look upon the northern indians to be the most formidable of any uncivilized body of people in the world. hunting and war are their sole occupations, and the one qualifies them for the other, they have few wants, and those are easily supplied, their properties of little value, consequently, expeditions against them however successful, cannot distress them, and they have courage sufficient for their manner of fighting, the nature and situation of their countrys, require not more.
william johnson to the british lords of trade, 1763
brethren, in former times our forefathers and yours lived in great friendship together and often met to strengthen the chain of their friendship. as your people grew numerous we made room for them and came over the great mountains to ohio. . soon after a number of your people came over the great mountains and settled on our lands. we complained of their encroachments into our country, and, brethren, you either could not or would not remove them. . therefore, brethren, unless you can fall upon some method of governing your people who live between the great mountains and the ohio river and who are now very numerous, it will be out of the indians' power to govern their young men, for we assure you the black clouds begin to gather fast in this country. . we find your people are very fond of our rich land. we see them quarrelling every day about land and burning one another's houses. so that we do not know how soon they may come over the river ohio and drive us from our villages, nor do we see you brethren take any care to stop them.
john killbuck jr., or gelelemend, to the governors of pennsylvania, maryland, and virginia, december 1771
which of the following most directly resulted from the issues described in the two passages above:
a. indian nations shifted their alliances among competing european powers.
b. new distinctive backcountry cultures were created.
c. resistance to imperial control within the colonies increased.
d. western migration extended republican institutions into new territories.