& Broup 2
A2 Chemistry Topical Paper 4
Topic 1: Energetics & Group 2
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(ii) The ionic equation for this reaction is shown.
Ca(s) + 2H'(aq)
→ Ca''(aq) + H, (g)
AH = x kJ mot
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Construct a fully labelled Hess' Law cycle to connect each side of this equation to the
relevant gas phase ions.
Use your cycle, the following data and data from the Data Booklet. to calculate a value for x.
standard enthalpy of atomisation of Ca(s), AH;(Ca)
+178 kJ mot
standard enthalpy of hydration of Ca-(g), A (Ca) -1576 kJmol
-1090 kJ mot
standard enthalpy of hydration of Hº(9), AH (H)
are with the
all others

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decision-making capabilities.

accountability.

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creativity and innovation.

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answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.