Redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine to form hybrid orbital in a molecule. This process is called hybridization. The new orbitals thus formed are known as hybrid orbitals.
Types of Hybridization:-
Based on the types of orbitals involved in mixing, the hybridization can be classified as sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2, sp3d3. :--
1. sp Hybridization
sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent orbitals. The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized orbitals. It forms linear molecules with an angle of 180°
2. sp2 Hybridization
sp2 hybridization is observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. The new orbitals formed are called sp2 hybrid orbitals.
hy2 bridization is also called trigonal hybridization.
3. sp3 Hybridization
When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent orbital, the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral hybridization or sp3. The new orbitals formed are called sp3 hybrid orbitals.
These are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron and make an angle of 109°28’ with one another.
4. sp3d Hybridization
sp3d hybridization involves the mixing of 3p orbitals and 1d orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbitals of equal energy. They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
The mixture of s, p and d orbital forms trigonal bipyramidal symmetry.
5. sp3d2 Hybridization
Sp3d2 hybridization has 1s, 3p and 2d orbitals, that undergo intermixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
These 6 orbitals are directed towards the corners of an octahedron.
They are inclined at an angle of 90 degrees to one another.
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