Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the phosphofructokinase reaction of glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. How do the following affect glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Activate glycolysis Inhibit gluconeogenesis Activate gluconeogenesis Inhibit glycolysis
1. increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
2. activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (FBPase-2)
3. increased glucagon levels
4. activation of PFK-2
5. increased levels of CAMP

1. Increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase : Activate gluconeogenesis Inhibit glycolysis

2. Activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (FBPase-2) : Activate glycolysis Inhibit gluconeogenesis

3. Increased glucagon levels : Activate gluconeogenesis Inhibit glycolysis

4. Activation of PFK-2 : Activate glycolysis Inhibit gluconeogenesis

5. Increased levels of CAMP : Activate gluconeogenesis Inhibit glycolysis

Explanation:

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose molecules in order to release energy in the form of ATP in response to the energy needs of the cells of an organism.

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which cells make glucose from other molecules for other metabolic needs of the cell other than energy production.

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are metabolically regulated in the cell by various enzymes and molecules.

The following shows the various regulatory methods and their effects on both processes:

1. The enzyme fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase functions in the regulation of both processes. It catalyzes the breakdown of the molecule fructose-2,6-bisphosphate which is an allosteric effector of two enzymes phosphofructokinasse-1, PFK-1 and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, FBPase-1 which fuction in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis respectively.

Increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase  activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis by its breakdown of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

2. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate increases the activity of PFK-1 and inhibits the the activity of FBPase-1. The effect is that glycolysis is activated while gluconeogenesis is inhibited.

3. Glucagon is a hormone that stimulates the synthesis of cAMP. It fuctions to activate gluconeogenesis and inhibit glycolysis.

4. Phosphosfructikinase-2, PFK-2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. Activation of PFK-2 results the activation of glycolysis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.

5. Cyclic-AMP (cAMP) synthesis in response to glucagon release serves to activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates the bifunctional protein PFK-2/FBPase-2. This phosphorylation enhances the activity of FBPase-2 while inhibiting the activity of PFK-2, resulting in the  activation of gluconeogenesis and inhibition of glycolysis.

qualitative observation deals with data that can be observed with our senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. they do not involve measurements or numbers. for instance, colors, shapes, and textures of objects are all qualitative observations.