The flavor and odor of fruits comes primarily from the esters they contain. For example, a major component in the flavor of oranges is octyl acetate. Draw the organic products formed when octyl acetate reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Explanation:

Concepts and reason

This problem is based on the concept of hydrolysis of esters.

An ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol when treated with aqueous acid or aqueous base. Under alkaline conditions, the carboxylic acid is obtained in the form as its salt.

Fundamentals

Alkaline hydrolysis of ester is done with strong base {\\rm{NaOH}}NaOHand {\\rm{O}}{{\\rm{H}}^ - }OH\u2212acts as nucleophilic reagent. This reaction is reversible, since carboxylate anion has tendency to react with an alcohol and gives back ester.

Step-by-step

Step 1 of 2

Attack of [{ m{O}}{{ m{H}}^ - }]on carbonyl take place as follows resulting formation of tetrahedral intermediate:

\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043d

Explanation | Hint for next step

The {\\rm{O}}{{\\rm{H}}^ - }OH\u2212nucleophile attacks on the electrophilic carbon of an ester {\\rm{C}} = {\\rm{O}}C=O and forms tetrahedral intermediate after breaking the \\pi\u03c0-bond.

Step 2 of 2

Hydrolysis of product formed from step 1 followed by reaction with {\\rm{NaOH}}NaOHis as follows:

The products of the reaction are:

Explanation | Common mistakes

On the reaction of octyl acetate with aqueous sodium hydroxide, the products octyl alcohol and acetate ion are formed after omitting the {\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{a}}^ + }Na+ions.

the best answer is d because the strong cohesion is caused by the ability of water molecules to undergo hydrogen bonding.

a is incorrect because when water solidifies, it becomes   ice, which expands and occupies a bigger volume for the same mass of water in its liquid state.

b is incorrect because water has high surface tension. besides bonding to itself it hydrogen bonds to other molecules at the top decreasing possibility for breaking of attractive forces.

c is incorrect because the water molecule has oxygen which is highly electronegative and so pulls the electron pair towards itself creating a dipole moment, making the molecule polar.

e is incorrect because water has strong adhesion, ability to stick to other molecules such as glass because of this molecules having stronger hydrogen bonding than water.