Elaborate on how the duet and octet rules relate to ion formation?
a) the duet rule or the octet rule state that atoms form ions in an effort to acquire valence electron configuration impermanence.
b) both the duet and octet rules reveal that atoms gain or lose electrons forming ions to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
c) ion formation only occur if the atom have a full duet electron configuration or full octet electron configuration of valence electrons.
d) formation of immutable noble-gas configuration ions results from atoms with ambiguous duet or octet configurations of valence electrons.

B).Both the duet and octet rules reveal that atoms gain or lose electrons forming ions to achieve a more stable electron configuration.

Explanation:

Duet : The outermost shell of an element has two electron.

Octet : The outermost shell of an element has eight electron

According to Lewis Theory of bonding.

He suggested that atoms forms bond either by sharing of electron pair or by complete transfer of electron from one atom to other in order to achieve the stable atomic configuration.

Noble Gas configuration (stable atomic configuration) : When the outermost shell of an atom is fully filled(8 electron) , then it get stability and don't react with other element .E.g Ne = 10 electron = 1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) = 8 electron

Neon is stable elements.

Consider,Sodium element (Na) it has 11 electron = 1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) 3s(1) , If it looses 1 electron from 3s ,then it has 8 electron left (same as Ne).

So Na show (+1) valency .

Chlorine(Cl), it has 17 electron , 1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) 3s(2) 3p(5) , In order to achieve stability , it gain one electron and show (-1) valency.

answer: c.

explanation:

a saline water is fed to a reverse osmosis unit at flow rate o rotameter connected to reject (retentate) line reads 8 installed in reject and permeate line reads 15.2 milli siemens/cm and 300 micro siemens/com respectively.