Classifying a carbon atom by the number of carbons to which it is bonded can also be done in more complex molecules that contain heteroatoms. classify each sp3 hybridized carbon atom in bilobalide, a compound isolated from ginkgo biloba extracts, as 1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°. be sure to answer all parts. 33 bilobalide

A sp³ hybridized carbon atom is the one which forms 4 single bonds with other atoms.

In the structure of Bilobalide, we can see 12 sp³ hybridized carbon atoms which are attached to other carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

In order to classify carbon atoms as 1°, 2°, 3°, or 4° we need to take a look at the atoms to which these carbon atoms are attached.

A 1° carbon atom is the one which is attached to only 1 carbon atom.

In the diagram, we can see 3 methyl groups ( -CH3) being attached to only 1 carbon atom. There is one more primary carbon atom.

There are 4 primary carbon atoms in Bilobalide.

A 2° carbon atom is the one which is attached to 2 other carbon atoms.

In Bilobalide we can see 4 secondary carbon atoms.

A 3° carbon atom is the one which is attached to 3 other carbon atoms.

In Bilobalide we can see only 1 tertiary carbon atom.

A 4° carbon atom is the one which is attached to 4 other carbon atoms.

In Bilobalide we can see 3 quaternary carbon atoms.

Please see the attached image for classification.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

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