In what ways can shares be "preferred"? In which ways are they similar and different from common shares? Give real-world examples. How does the book value of shares of stock differ from the market value of shares of stock? Use a real-world example in your answer. Dividends Discuss at least three main issues a board of directors considers when making a dividend declaration decision. How does a share dividend differ from a share split? Retained Earnings e) Explain why companies place restrictions on some of their retained earnings.

Xinhong company is considering replacing one of its manufacturing machines. the machine has a book value of $39,000 and a remaining useful life of 5 years, at which time its salvage value will be zero. it has a current market value of $49,000. variable manufacturing costs are $33,300 per year for this machine. information on two alternative replacement machines follows. alternative a alternative b cost $ 115,000 $ 117,000 variable manufacturing costs per year 22,900 10,100 1. calculate the total change in net income if alternative a and b is adopted. 2. should xinhong keep or replace its manufacturing machine