When you have completed this lesson, you should be able to: distinguish between different types of mutations explain why mutations may or may not affect phenotype identify internal and external factors that regulate cell division explain cancer in terms of the cell cycle construct an explanation and defend a claim based on evidence.

4

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.

yes

no

blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. this is why we see a blue sky most of the time.