Dr. Alan Hicks entered a cave and noted thousands of dying and dead bats. Surprisingly, they all had white fungal growth on their noses (white-nose syndrome or WNS). This same phenomenon was observed in many caves. This repeated observation of an occurrence in the natural world is called a(n) . Dr. Hicks contacted other scientists, and together they set out to determine what was causing the white noses on the bats, for they suspected that it was leading to the bat deaths. This potential explanation is termed a(n) . Several different types of experiments were set up to test the idea that the fungus was leading to death in the bats. Eventually, it was determined that contact with Pseudogymnoascus destructans does lead to sickness and death in bats. The repeated testing of this idea, along with other scientific knowledge, allowed the scientists to develop the that Pseudogymnoascus destructans causes WNS, which leads to the eventual death of the bats.

They create genetic variations

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.