What are okazaki fragments and how they are formed?

An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short DNA fragment on the lagging strand (the anti-parallel strand) of a double helix during replication.

The Japanese researcher Reiji Okazaki discovered that the anti-parallel strand (the lagging strand) was not read continuously but in small Okazaki fragments, since this lagging strand always needs new RNA primer. An Okazaki fragment includes an RNA primer and a piece of strand already replicated by DNA polymerase. After the DNA is synthesized, the DNA-RNA duplex is broken down and the released 3 'end can be used as a primer to fill in the missing fragments with DNA. These fragments are then stuck together by the DNA ligase.

the answer that best describes the relative refractory period in the neuron is the resting membrane potential is restored, but concentrations of sodium and potassium are not restored to their original state.

the refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron will not lead to a second potential. thus, because na+ channels are inactivated during this time, additional depolarizing stimuli do not lead to new action potentials.  

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weathering - colorado river carves land in arizona to form the grand canyon. cracks form in a sandstone wall surrounding a house. a marble statue near the science museum is changing color due to rainfall

erosion - after a rainstorm, soil and rock piees litter the roadways. the sand dunes in the sahara desert are changing shape.

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