In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states?

Hello. You did not put the answer options, but I can help you by stating that the monarchs sought to create more centralized states through the crisis in the feudal system.

Explanation:

During the feudal system, monarchs had basically decorative functions. Power was deposited in the hands of the feudal lords who were the real rulers of the regions.

However, with the extreme population growth and the weakening of the feudal system, monarchs were gaining power and used these moments to establish themselves as the country's only rulers, centralizing power in themselves, ending the feuds and creating centralized states. For this, the kings demarcated borders, built an army of their own, created a standardized currency and stimulated trade and the payment of taxes, which became more profitable than feudalism.