(a) Describe the process of meiosis that ensures that both maternal and paternal chromosomes are passed on to each spermatozoon
(b) Explain why the genetic content of individual chromosomes in a spermatozoon most likely differs from the genetic content of individual chromosomes in a primary spermatocyte.
(c) In some instances, meiosis of a primary spermatocyte with six chromosomes results in two spermatozoa that contain four chromosomes and two spermatozoa that contain two chromosomes. Predict the most likely cause.
(d) A student claims that if the animal producing the spermatozoa has a mutation in the mitochondrial gene, the possibility that any offspring will inherit the mutation is zero. Provide evidence to support this claim.

1. Each organism has a diploid complex of chromosomes, when it has only one pair, it indicates that it has homologous pairing of the chromosome.

each homologous pair comes from a progenitor cell, the mother and the father, the chromosomes separate and leave their inheritance to the gametes like the esoermatozoa, a process that occurs in the pachytene etspa of prophase I of meiosis I.

2. the sperm will contain different chromosomal genetic material with respect to the primary sperm, because the latter will carry out a meiosis process that secretes the homologous pairing of the chromosome in a diploid organism to form a haploid gamete. we can see in secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm.

3. Sneuploidy can occur because in the chromosomal division of meiosis, disjunction does not occur, generating a sperm with 4 chromosomes and another with 2 chromosomes, resulting in monosomal and trisomic aneuploidy.

4. As for the defects in the mitochondria, the mutation will only be transmitted if the mother has it, the father will not generate any, since during gametic fusion, the maternal mitochondria does not participate in the fusion