What reasoning does machiavelli use in this passage?
o machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by first introducing
the conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then
supporting it with evidence.
machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by starting with
statistical evidence and then concluding that rulers must
be cruel.
machiavelli uses inductive reasoning by first presenting
an observed pattern of details and then concluding that
new rulers must be cruel.
machiavelli uses inductive reasoning by starting with the
conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then
supporting it with short narratives.

Machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by first introducing  the conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then  supporting it with evidence.

Explanation:

While inductive reasoning provides the evidence for the sake of the conclusion, deductive reasoning jumps straight to the conclusion in order to later on supply us with the corresponding evidence.

In the chapter XVII of Machiavelli's The Prince, the author develops a premises on how a new ruler must be cruel. He gives us the conclusion leaving us in anticipation of the argumentation.

Deductive reasoning is a very successful form of persuasion. Once we are given the conclusion, we await for the arguments and interpret them in order to corroborate and affirm the first statement.

This way by using deductive reasoning, Machiavelli makes his readers his accomplices in proving his point.

Machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by first introducing  the conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then  supporting it with evidence.

the answer is: apostrophe and allusion.

apostrophe refers to a poetic technique that is used to address an absent individual or an abstract idea/being. allusion on the other hand is a poetic technique that being done by making an indirect reference to other person with a high level of significance (could be historically or culturally significant)