Ne of the most difficult problems for any teacher is a child who consistently disrupts class. researchers have shown that giving attention in the form of scolding to a disruptive child actually increases the child's misbehavior. in the terms of operant conditioning, the scolding is a

I believe the answer is:  positive reinforcer

 positive reinforcer refers to the additional stimulus that given to an individual with the purpose of making that individual to repeat a certain behavior again in the future. Another example of  positive reinforcer would be giving your children a candy every time they clean their own room.

Ithink the answer is d. the lower appellate and trial courts in the state.