Research on peer popularity in elementary school has found that: 1. it is not very stable in elementary school, so it is not a very good predictor of subsequent behavior. 2. peer popularity in elementary school predicts peer popularity toward the end of high school. 3. rejection by peers in elementary school is a risk factor for later difficulties. 4. none of these; there isn't enough research to draw a conclusion.

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. at the trial, donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. he admits that they would drink and use drugs together. one night while partying, donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. the jury convicted donald of manslaughter. who would argue that donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will? a. a rational choice theorist b. a critical criminologist c. a conflict theorist d. a positivist