John and joe were born at the same time. they both died on their eighteen-month birthday. john lived in a home that had parents and siblings who spent a lot of time reading and playing with him. joe, on the other hand, had parents who were drug addicts and left him in an empty playpen most of the time. they did not interact with him very much. what would you expect the autopsies to show?

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.