How important was the black vote in electing grant and how did this political factor affect the reconstruction policy of the republican party

The black vote was very important especially with the Fifteenth Amendment and Grant's small margin of victory.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada