Dovidio and his colleagues argue that cooperation has an especially positive impact when people are able to keep their ingroup identities intact. people working on a task have relatively low self-esteem. it leads people to define a new, inclusive group. groups are relatively independent.

According to the argument posed by Dovidio and his colleagues, cooperation has an especially positive impact when it leads people to define a new, inclusive group. An inclusive group makes room to accommodate new members while an exclusive group seeks to limit membership to those who can meet some strict requirements of who have a special status.

the historians cited in the article all agree with one another about the cause of the civil war. despite coming from different backgrounds and cultures, the historians agree that slavery was the root cause of the civil war. the fact that all these historiansgenerally agree with one another makes their shared viewpoints more reliable and valid, especially because the historians have different backgrounds and all work for the well-respected institutions of howard university, clemson university, and the university of colorado.

answer; when one group has an extremely high score at pretest;