What will best motivate an audience member to take a particular action identified in a communication?

The best way to motivate an audience member to take a particular action identified in a communication is to explain him/her how he/she will benefit.The audience member should understand  how taking the desired action will benefit them. This way you can persuade audience members to perform a particular action.

Ibelieve that the answer is (a).

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.