The states that the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior as a consequence for a low-probability behavior will increase the low-probability behavior, but never vice versa.

Aresearcher conducting behavioral research collects individually identifiable sensitive information about illicit drug use and other illegal behaviors by surveying college students. one of the subjects is in an automobile accident two weeks after participating in the research study. is this an example of an unanticipated problem that requires reporting to the irb? yes, this must be reported because it was not listed as a risk of study participation in the consent form (was unexpected) and the subject experienced harm. yes, this must be reported because it involved a subject in a research study and it’s up to the irb to determine if it was related to participation. no, this does not need to be reported because it was assessed by the researcher as unrelated to the research study. no, this does not need to be reported to the irb since the researcher reported it to the sponsor of the study.

As you drive in to school, you hear a random radio-show caller arguing that sun exposure really has not been shown to cause skin cancer and that some research suggests that skin cancer is completely genetic and not related to sun exposure at all. at the time, you think that this is a silly argument and that the caller does not know what she is talking about. however, two months later, you are outside without wearing sunscreen, and you find yourself remembering that you had read something about how the sun actually does not cause skin cancer. this process is evidence that has influenced your attitude

Which instant of political expression would be considered symbolic speech?