Joel is determined to win the district-level debate competition. he has been preparing hard and long, and he refuses to other contestants with their preparation. he wants to be known as the best debater in his school. in the context of henry murray's personological approach, joel is demonstrating a high need for

He is demonstrating a high need for affiliation. The affiliation need is a word that was made popular by David McClelland and defines an individual's need to feel a sense of participation and "fit in" within a social group or it can also be associating oneself to others through communicating.

vertical merger is the term used for the joining of two or more firms involved in different stages of producing the same good or services.

explanation:

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.