What degree was the supreme court responsible for undoing the constitutional gains of reconstruction?

During the Reconstruction US Congress passed a series of laws and amendments that aimed to reach equality for African Americans and ex-slaves, for example, the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments and The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Civil Rights Act of 1870, the Civil Rights Act of 1871, the Civil Rights At of 1875.

Despite that, the US Supreme Court decided in a series of landmark cases contrary to those rules, making possible for the several Southern States to create segregation and establish Black Codes.

In United States v. Cruikshank the US Supreme Court decided that the Bill of Rights did not apply to private acts and to state governments, which meant that the Southern States did not need to protect the basic rights of African Americans.

In the Civil Rights Cases, the US Supreme Court ruled that the 13th and 14th Amendments did not outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals, which meant that commerces could discriminate African Americans if they wanted to.

In United States v. Harris the Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional for the federal government to penalize crimes as assault and murder, this case affected African Americans because it was known as the Ku Klux Case.

disorders of the brain include both behavior disorders and other psychiatric illnesses. the primary difference between a behavior disorder and another type of psychiatric disorder is the presence of choice. psychiatric conditions are considered to be involuntary while in behavior disorders, choices are essential.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)