Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. after the cs–ucs linkage was strongly established, pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. after a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. this is an example of

This is an example of high order conditioning.
This is the second step of classical conditioning in which an organism is first introduced to a stimulus, and when that stimulus is learned, it is used as a basis for learning new stimuli. In this case, the first stimulus was the metronome sound, which was then followed by flashes, so whenever the dog saw flashes, it knew food was coming. 

France played a key role in the american revolutionary war (american war of independence; 1775–1783). motivated by the ideals of the new nation which were inspired by the french enlightenment, as well as its long-term rivalry with britain and so as to avenge their territorial losses during the french and indian war, france secretly began sending supplies to the americans in 1775.