Positive punishment the rate of operant responding, and negative punishment the rate of operant responding. increases; decreases decreases; increases decreases; decreases has no effect on; decreases

Running and sleep. sufficient sleep is important for adolescents for both their neural and psychological development. despite this, daytıme sleepiness and poor physical and psychological functioning related to chronic sleep disturbances are common. there is a growing body of evidence that exercise is associated with both better sleep and improved psychological functioning sixty participants were recruited from a high school in northwesten switzerlandthey were randomly assigned to either a running group or a control group, 30 to each group the running group ran every moming for a little over 30 minutes on weekdays for a three-week period. all participants used a sleep log for subjective evaluation of sleep, and sleep was also objectively assessed at the beginning and end of the study using a sleep electroencephalographic device that measured quantities such as sleep efficiency and time spent in the four different sleep phases. running was found to have a positive impact on both objective and subjective measures of sleep functioning what are the explanatory variable(s) and the response variable(s)? (a) outline the design of the experiment (b) (c) here are some more details on the treatment and control groups. all participants arrived at school at 7 a. m., and the running group did two laps on the track and then ran cross countrv in groups of at least four people for 30 minutes the control group remained seated at the track, worked on horpework. and interacted with each other. when the runners returned, all participants prepared for school and ate a breaktast that was provided. iwhy do you think the experimenters had the control group arrive at 7 am interact withdassmates and have breaktast together? explain. do you think having the control eroup do these activities is important for the types of conclusion that can be reached? how?

And fast (use two examples) some historians say that the attacks by the abolitionist actually strengthened sectionalism in the south instead of weakening it. how might the abolitionist have been contributing to the tension arising over slavery? provide two specific example of the southern response to the aboltitonist attacks.

Put these events in the correct order #1-4. cause: world war 1 caused heavy casualties and property damage throughout europe. many people barely had enough food to eat or coal to stay warm. what happened next? question 1 options: russia, now led by lenin, became the first communist nation in history. communism soon spread to many small countries near russia, and eventually spread to cuba, china, and vietnam. led by vladimir lenin, a group called the bolshevik party gained the support of the people and overthrew russia’s monarchy, killing czar nicholas ii and his family. russian citizens, who were starving and poor, became angry at the ruling class who held all of the nation’s wealth. (write them in order of which they happened)