Madison is doing a sociological study about how communities respond to change. she interviews her subjects and then she observes them. whatever she is unable to ask or observe, she answers using her common sense. which of her steps is most threatening to the integrity of her study?

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

the period of human evolution has coincided with environmental change, including ('hominin' refers to any bipedal species closely related to humans – that is, on how do we know earth's climate has changed? a map showing dates and locations of prehistoric archeological sites and migration routes from africa into.