Who emphasized the dynamic nature of individuals, as well as the importance of needs and motivations?

How would you summarize john hay's first request in the first open door note?

Arecession is the total value of all goods produced in a country in a given year total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year total amount of money earned in a nation over a specific period of time none of the answers are correct.

Which of the following  bestillustrates a negative reinforcer?               a.  copland gives up candy to stave off chronic acid indigestion.    b.  nancy learns that she prefers chocolate over vanilla.    c.  carmine changes his major to english lit after failing a math exam.    d.  on a hot day, lindberg always drinks lemonade.