Ellis' sensation-seeking and arousal theory argues that crime is the result of:

she argues that it resulted from low levels of dopamine and dopamine like neurotransmitters called endorphins, some people have lower than average emotional arousal under normal environmental conditions. When this happens, they tend to find another outlet for their aggressive behaviors, which may lead to them doing some actions that considered as a violence toward others.

D, because civic virtue is basically doing what’s morally good.