How did shang kings retain their power over such a large population and vast territory?

I would argue that, on the one hand, it was because of the development of innovative weapons, some of them made of bronze, such as bronze-tipped halberds and spears, the compound bow, and the horse-drawn chariot, which allowed soldiers to move faster and with greater agility, and their leaders to cover greater distances in order to supervise their troops and issue orders - warfare was a more efficient and effective method of conflict resolution. However, they were able to rule a big population and manage a wide region and its natural and material resources effectively thanks to their government's highly stratified structure, which included numerous and specialized roles.

There’s no map so we can’t you