What is the penalty for illegally claiming someone as a dependent?.

you can ask them to give an amended return to fix the problem

they encountered severe weather for which they were poorly prepared.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.