Over 100 years ago, French educational researchers Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared with age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. Binet and Simon conceptualized natural intelligence in terms of learning:

a. achievement.
b. aptitude.
c. outcomes.
d. exertion.

question - in 1827, john walker, a druggist in a small english town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. the druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. it is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. although walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. it could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. in a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. the match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. it would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. this was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar. according the paragraph what was the benefit of the new phosphorus match? it burst into flame when rubbed on sandpaper. it was made by mixing chemicals. it could be ignited on any dry surface. it threw fire in all directions.

answer - matches required natural chemicals

answer; a splinter party;

answer; sex,attention,sleep,thirst, and hunger and many other vitals;