Dr. Joseph conducted an experiment on teaching, in which she gave Lecture A to one of her research methods classes, and Lecture B to another of her research methods classes. She found that Lecture A led to better learning on a test. This study has external validity and internal validity.

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An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.