Little Billy is given a sticker chart as a means to encourage good behavior at home. Whenever Billy does a chore (e. g.wash the dishes or mop the floor) he is given a sticker. In other terms, what could we call the stickers given to Billy? a. punishment
b. secondary reinforcer
c. primary reinforcer
d. vicarious reinforcer

Apopulation is a group of individuals of a single species existing together in an area. a population’s range, the area it occupies, changes over time. populations, in turn, may form a network, or metapopulation, connected by individuals that move from one group to another. within a population, the distribution of individuals can be random, uniform, or clumped, and the distribution is determined in part by the availability of resources. how might the geographic range of a species change if populations could not exchange individuals with each other? how would your answer depend on what type of metapopulation existed?

The united states constitution gives the the power to regulate interstate commerce.

The decision states that legislation cannot overcome social prejudice. can it reinforce social prejudice? how?