Ancient Chinese kings believed that they had been chosen by the gods to rule. They called this the Mandate of Heaven. If a king was cruel or unjust, this right could be taken away and given to another leader. The Shang Dynasty is one of the earliest Chinese dynasties historians have studied. Shang culture dates back to around 1750 BCE, when the Chinese were beginning to live in cities. During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese worked with bronze tools, made beautiful objects out of jade stone and developed a written language. The Chinese alphabet doesn't use letters to stand for the sounds of different words like the Latin alphabet; instead, it uses characters that represent words. This makes it easier to communicate with people who pronounce the same words differently. For example, the cities Peking and Beijing are actually the same place, China’s capital. It has two names in English because there are different ways of pronouncing the word in Chinese. According to the Mandate of Heaven,

A
Chinese kings would rule in Heaven after they died.

B
Chinese kings had the divine right to create the alphabet.

C
Chinese kings had a god-given right to rule that could never be taken away.

D
Chinese kings had a divine right to rule if they were fair and kind leaders.

answer; inductive techniques;

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)

answer; substantive law;

answer; adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own;