Describe the dilemma which confronted Heffernan. How did the judge's error give rise to this dilemma

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.

are there any options?

answer; /// the above statement is (true);