What was an effective treatment against the Bubonic Plague? Drinking vinegar
Rubbing yourself with a chopped up snake
O Lancing or bursting buboes
Bloodletting

Ithink the answer is d.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.