Are researchers allowed to deceive participants in their studies?
a. no, deception of research participants is unethical according to the american psychological association's code of ethics.
b. no, because an institutional review board would never approve of such methods in a proper study.
c. yes, but the participants must be paid for their time and effort in a study where deception was used.
d. yes, but when the study is over the researcher has to reveal the study's real goals and explain why the deception was necessary.

I believe the correct answer from the choices is:

D. yes, but when the study is over the researcher has to reveal the study's real goals and explain why the deception was necessary.

Sometimes deception is necessary in an experiment. For example in studies of altruism, the participants are deceived and are frequently distressed, however due to the nature of the studies deception must occur and these effects cannot be avoided.

i do believe the correct answer is the spread of chinese culture throughout asia and africa.good luck

explanation:

they encountered severe weather for which they were poorly prepared.