If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?
a. the individual will cease to exist.
b. the secondary group will break down into primary groups.
c. the secondary group will develop into an out-group.
d. the secondary group will develop into a reference group.

Not all members of the radio audience of orson welles' war of the worlds broadcast panicked immediately. indeed, some didn't panic until they looked out of the window and saw empty streets; others didn't panic until they saw streets full of traffic. it was after checking out the situation that these citizens decided that the martians had indeed invaded earth. this example illustrates that contagion can result when people look to others for the interpretation of ambiguous situations . can result when cultural norms reinforce people's most likely responses. occurs primarily because humans are by nature irrational creatures. is especially likely when people are motivated to make independent decisions.