Explain the present value model of bond valuation?

Bond valuation is a technique for determining the theoretical fair value of a particular bond. Bond valuation includes calculating the present value of a bond's future interest payments, also known as its cash flow, and the bond's value upon maturity, also known as its face value or par value.

the fourth amendment protects:

"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."  

so this would mean the denial to search and seizure without warrant or permission.

both focus ón people who behave in a risky way and çause accídeñ both explaín how to púrchase insurance añd cover the costs of premium. both describe what happened when consumers fail to pay their premíums in time