Which of the following may cause the results of a naturalistic observation to be invalid? a. The presence of the researcher causing the observed behavior to change
b. Observer bias in the interpretation of the observed behavior
c. All of the above
d. Telling those who are being observed why they are being ​

The correct answer is C. All of the above.

Explanation

Naturalistic observation is a research method by observing a subject or group of individuals or animals directly in their place of residence. Another of its main characteristics is that the researcher must refrain from disturbing or intervening in the lives of those observed to avoid any interference that implies a different behavior than they would have if the observer were not there.

Therefore, it can be concluded that during a naturalistic observation the researcher should be prevented from having behavior that modifies the behavior of the observed group or individual; The observer must be prevented from making value judgments about the results obtained and from subjective or biased views, and the observer must avoid transmitting a message to the observed of how they should behave while they are observed because this can alter their actions. Therefore, the correct answer is C. All of the above.

according to hess's theory, when the magma cooled, it would expand and push the tectonic plates apart. it would push the north and south america plates to the west and eurasia and africa ones to the east. the atlantic ocean would get wider but the coastlines of the masses would stay the same.

harry hammond hess was a geologist and a united states navy officer in the second world war. he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the theory of plate tectonics. he is known for his theories on sea floor spreading, stating that the movement of the continents was the result of see floor spreading. the continents are attached to the plates and do not move separately. the plates themselves shift and change shape, carrying the continents along.

a.. a conflict between her competing identities.. apex